DNA the Master Code for All Living Things

Bacteria, zebras, mosquitoes, anacondas, essenti ally all living things have atomic number 53 thing in common which makes them what they argon. It is deoxyribonucleic acid. It is ane of the expectantest biological discoveries in the history of mankind. It is not alto worryher related to biology but is tied to the study of chemistry as well because of the convoluted molecular structure. desoxyribonucleic acid is short for the molecule deoxyribonucleic acid. RNA or ribonucleic acid is another nucleic acid derived from deoxyribonucleic acid and utilize as a template to make proteins, the product of the genetic code.In an article, What is deoxyribonucleic acid? written by James Randerson, deoxyribonucleic acid is described as, he master code for life the instruction book that all(prenominal) organism uses to run its embody and govern its behavior, a book that each creature hands on to its offspring, either in full or in part. In other words it describes how at multiplicat ion not the whole book (desoxyribonucleic acid) is passed down from recruit to progeny. A novice and mother both guide their deoxyribonucleic acid making the son similar but not identical to his father and mother. Also, because DNA stores all genetic cultivation including diseases, which can be passed down from extension to generation. These diseases be the effect of a athletics in the DNA structure.In 1868, a Swiss physician and biologist extracted a phosphorus containing substance. He called it nuclein because he found it in the nuclei of several cells. He managed to extract this substance from discarded surgical bandages, specifically by examining the pus cells (pus cells are white blood cells). James Watson, an American geneticist, and Francis Crick, a British physicist study in the University of Cambridge, began examining x-ray images made by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. In 1953, James and Francis constructed the first tierce-dimensional model of the DNA str ucture.The model showed all nitrogenous foundings, pentoses (sugar), and phosphate groups. Several years later, James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Before the three-dimensional model, Erwin Chargaff discovered a pattern between the base pairs. He discovered that the measurement of adenine is the same amount of thymine. the same is true for the other base pair guanine and cytosine. Chargaffs disco truly led him to understand the basic pairing rules. You might wonder what makes our DNA different from the DNA of a sheep, sea urchin, or a turtle.Based on the studies of Chargaff and the rest of his colleagues at Columbia University, the intravenous feeding nitrogenous bases occur in different ratios in the DNAs of different organisms and that the bases have a numerical relationship. For example, The base composition (mol percentage) of Homo Sapiens is 30. 9 % adenine, 19. 9% guanine, 19. 8% cytosine, and 29. 4% thymine. This shows that Chargaffs study was very helpful for James Watson and Francis Cricks three-dimensional model of a DNA molecule. I chose to enquiry DNA because it is a very interesting topic to discuss.It makes me who I am, my hair, eye, and skin color, my height and weight, overall health, metabolism, etc. I find both biology and chemistry my favorite subjects and DNA because it is a key molecuel that defines health. In the future I plan to become a M. D. (Medical Doctor). I will definitely have to be familiar with this molecule and what DNA sequences mean in case I needed to diagnose a patient with a certain genetic disease. By examining his or her genetic code I could find possible diseases. I really enjoy any type of problem solving. I could utilize this noesis to explore disease in my own family, specifically my dads side.From my grandfather to my own father and uncles, everyone has minor cardiovascular diseases caused by high cholesterol. I want to discover what mutation i n my familys DNA that causes this condition and develop treatments to improve their health. DNA molecules are located in the nucleus of a cell. When they are tightly packed together they are known as chromosomes. The structure of DNA is very complicated. DNA is a reduplicate helix molecule. The structure looks like a twisted ladder. A parallel helix is the molecular structure created from double- mountain rangeed molecules of nucleic acids held together by hy drogen bonding between nucleotides.Nucleotides contain three peculiar(prenominal) components (1) a nitrogenous base, (2) a pentose (sugar), and (3) phosphate group. Four nitrogenous bases make up DNAs support of the double helix adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). These bases are split into two groups. (A) and (G) are in the purine base group and (C) and (T) are in the pyrimidine base groups. In the structure of DNA base pairs are formed between the four bases. A base pair is when two nitrogenous bases ( a purine to a pyrimidine or vice versa) are sleepered by weak hydrogen bonds.Adenine (A) and thymine (T) form a base pair and guanine (G) and cytosine C) form a base pair. In the structure of DNA (A) and (T) are held together by two hydrogen bonds, while (C) and (G) are held together by three hydrogen bonds. The next components of DNA form the good sense of the two spiraling strands. The backbones consist of alternating phosphate and pentose (sugar). Two kinds of pentoses are found in nucleic acids, deoxyribose and ribose. Deoxyribose is basically the same as ribose but it has one little oxygen atom in its structure. The phosphate group is connected to the pentose (deoxyribose or ribose) on the backbone of the DNA structure.They are both held together by covalent bonds. The pentose is also connected to the nitrogenous base. When a pentose (sugar) and a base combine it is called a nucleoside. An example of a nucleoside, is when the base thymine bonds with the pentose (sugar) deoxy ribose, deoxythymidine forms. The nucleoside and so combines with the phosphate to make the nucleoside a nucleotide. In the article How DNA Works, Craig Freudenrich explains how the hydrogen bonds between phosphates cause the DNA strand to twist.The nitrogenous bases point inward on the ladder and form pairs with bases on the other side. This makes DNA look somewhat like a spiraling staircase. DNA functions to store the complete genetic information required to specify the structure of all the proteins of each species of organism, to program in time and space the cleanly biosynthesis (the process of converting simple nutrients like sugars, lipids, and amino acids into complex products like, proteins and vitamins) that make cell and tissue, and organs which discover the activities of an organism through place its life cycle, and determine the distinctiveness of the given organism.DNA also has another function. It is meant to be replicated so copies can be passed down from cell to c ell and generation to generation. The National Human Genome research Institute describes the transfer occurs In sexual reproduction, organisms inherit half of their nuclear DNA from the male parent and half from the female parent. However, organisms inherit all of their mitochondrial DNA from the mother. This occurs because only egg cells, and not sperm cells, slide by their mitochondria during fertilization.To complete these instructions, DNA sequences are transcribed into messages made of RNA and ultimately translated into sequences of amino acids to produce proteins. DNA genetic information is composed of specific long sequences of A, T, G, and C. The process begins with the sequences being transferred to a hit strand RNA molecule. RNA is only slightly different from DNA. The important difference between them is that one of the pyrimidine bases are not the same. Thymine is a principal pyrimidine in DNA, while uracil is a principal pyrimidine in RNA.The new RNA (messenger RNA) molecule is a messenger containing transcribed code from the DNA molecule. The mRNA travels out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. According to The National Human Genome Research Institute, in the cytoplasm the information contained in the mRNA molecule is translated into the language of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. This language tells the cells protein-making machinery the precise order in which to link the amino acids to produce a specific protein.This is a major task because there are 20 types of amino acids, which can be placed in many different orders to form a across-the-board variety of proteins. Proteins do most of the work in our bodies they go bad molecules in our bodies, they help us move by making our muscles, they help create our immune system that helps protect from any infections in our body or illnesses, and much more. DNA is one of the greatest discoveries my man. It was not discovered by a single human being but several. DNA is what ma kes a female human to give birth to a baby girl not to a baby giraffe or cub.DNA is passed down from generation to generation by sexual reproduction. Half of the fathers genes and half of the mothers go to their son or daughter. Your DNA is not the same as your brothers because sometimes you get more from your moms side or more from your dads side, it all depends. It is laughable how we are made from a string of DNA molecules that construct our body and make us who we are. DNA is now at a point where we use it for many reasons, not just for research. DNA forensics is one of the most practical ways of using DNA.Forensics is the application of many sciences to discover aspects about a umbrage. A government website describing DNA forensics, lists many examples of DNA uses for Forensic Identification. They include identification of potential suspects whose DNA whitethorn match evidence left at crime scenes exoneration of persons wrongly accused of crimes identification of crime and ca tastrophe victims establishment of paternity and other family relationships identification of endangered and protected species as an aid to wildlife officials (could be used for prosecuting poachers) detection of acteria and other organisms that may pollute air, water, soil, and food Matching organ donors with recipients in transmit programs determination of pedigree for seed or livestock breeds and authentication of consumables such as caviar and wine. It is great that DNA has been incorporated into forensics. Hopefully, in the near future, DNA technologies will be incorporated in a variety of other applications.